Redox agents regulate ion channel activity in vacuoles from higher plant cells

The ability of redox agents to modulate certain characteristics of voltage- and calcium-activated channels has been recently investigated in a variety of animal cells. We report here the first evidence that redox agents regulate the activation of ion channels in the tonoplast of higher plants. Using the patch-clamp technique, we have demonstrated that, in tonoplasts from the leaves of the marine seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the root of the sugar beet, a variety of sulphydryl reducing agents, added at the cytoplasmic side of the vacuole, reversibly favoured the activation of the voltage-dependent slow vacuolar (SV) channel. Antioxidants, like dithiothreitol (DTT) and the reduced form of glutathione, gave a reversible increase of the voltage-activated current and faster kinetics of channel activation. Other reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid, also increased the SV currents, although to a lesser extent in comparison with DTT and glutathione, while the oxidising agent chloramine-T irreversibly abolished the activity of the channel. Single channel experiments demonstrated that DTT reversibly increased the open probability of the channel, leaving the conductance unaltered. The regulation of channel activation by glutathione may correlate ion transport with other crucial mechanisms that in plants control turgor regulation, response to oxidative stresses, detoxification and resistance to heavy metals.