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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology01:24

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root that means "to cut apart." Human anatomy was first studied by observing the body's exterior and the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect the bodies of...
Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview01:18

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body's structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of...
Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
Regional Terms01:12

Regional Terms

Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the body parts into different regions that contain structures involved in contributing similar functions. Using these terms helps increase the accurate description and identification of the particular region of interest or region affected by the disease.
Primarily, the human body has two major regions, the axial and appendicular regions. The axial region comprises regions from the head to the abdomen and makes up the central body axis. In contrast,...
Directional Terms01:14

Directional Terms

Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to the body's upright...
Body Planes01:06

Body Planes

Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Scaled Anatomical Model Creation of Biomedical Tomographic Imaging Data and Associated Labels for Subsequent Sub-surface Laser Engraving (SSLE) of Glass Crystals
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The digital anatomist foundational model: principles for defining and structuring its concept domain

C Rosse1, L G Shapiro, J F Brinkley

  • 1Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.

Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
|February 3, 1999
PubMed
Summary

We propose a foundational model for anatomy, comprising an ontology, structural and transformation abstractions, and metaknowledge. This model aims to consistently describe the anatomy of any physical entity.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomical modeling
  • Knowledge representation
  • Foundational models

Background:

  • Current anatomical knowledge representation lacks a unified, consistent framework.
  • The need for a standardized approach to model complex anatomical structures and relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define a foundational model for anatomy.
  • To establish principles and components for coherent and consistent anatomical knowledge modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Defined principles for a foundational model of anatomy.
  • Specified model components: anatomy ontology (Ao), anatomical structural abstraction (ASA), anatomical transformation abstraction (ATA), and metaknowledge (Mk).
  • Represented the foundational model as Fm = (Ao, ASA, ATA, Mk).

Main Results:

  • A four-component foundational model for anatomy (Fm) has been specified.
  • The model integrates ontology, structural, transformation, and metaknowledge aspects of anatomy.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed foundational model is hypothesized to capture sufficient and necessary information for describing anatomy.
  • This model can represent the anatomy of any physical entity and the body itself.