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Stroke risk factors and stroke prevention

M S Elkind1, R L Sacco

  • 1Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

Seminars in Neurology
|February 5, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability. Identifying and managing risk factors like hypertension and atrial fibrillation can significantly reduce stroke incidence and impact.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Stroke is a leading cause of death and chronic disability in the US.
  • Numerous nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for stroke have been identified.
  • Ongoing research explores additional potential stroke risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and emerging stroke risk factors.
  • To highlight the impact of modifiable risk factors on stroke incidence.
  • To emphasize the role of interventions in stroke risk reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of case series, case-control studies, and prospective cohort studies.
  • Analysis of controlled trials evaluating risk factor interventions.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of stroke etiology and prevention.

Main Results:

  • Established modifiable risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, inactivity, carotid stenosis, and transient ischemic attack (TIA).
  • Interventions such as blood-pressure control, lipid-lowering agents, and anticoagulation have proven effective in reducing stroke risk.
  • Research continues to investigate factors like antiphospholipid antibodies, homocysteine, alcohol, inflammation, and infection.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding and managing modifiable stroke risk factors is crucial for reducing the public health burden of stroke.
  • Effective interventions exist for several key risk factors, demonstrating the potential for primary and secondary stroke prevention.
  • Continued research into novel risk factors may further refine stroke prevention strategies.

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