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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Social Loafing01:37

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm
12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Much ado about doing nothing

E J Gutmann1, G A Salzman

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, USA.

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc
|February 9, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Physicians expressing negative stereotypes about medical specialists to students can harm their development. Promoting positive doctor-doctor relationships in medical education is crucial for team-based patient care.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Physician Professionalism
  • Interprofessional Relations

Background:

  • Negative stereotypes about medical specialists are frequently voiced by physicians around medical students.
  • Such remarks may negatively impact students' perceptions and professional development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To raise awareness among medical school faculty regarding the detrimental effects of negative stereotyping.
  • To advocate for the integration of positive interprofessional relationship development into medical curricula.

Main Methods:

  • This is a brief essay, not an empirical study.
  • The authors present a perspective based on their experiences as academic physicians.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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  • Negative stereotypes can have deleterious effects on medical students' attitudes and career choices.
  • The prevalence of such stereotypes may undermine the development of a collaborative medical community.
  • Conclusions:

    • Medical schools should actively address and mitigate negative stereotyping of medical specialists.
    • Fostering positive doctor-doctor relationships is essential for effective, team-based patient care and should be a core component of medical education.