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Conditioning in human opiate addicts

C P O'Brien, T Testa, T J O'Brien

    The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science
    |October 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Classical conditioning can elicit narcotic withdrawal symptoms. Researchers found that cues like tone and odor can trigger physical and subjective withdrawal responses in patients on methadone, aiding treatment strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Neuroscience
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Opioid withdrawal syndrome is a significant challenge in addiction treatment.
    • Classical conditioning may play a role in the persistence of withdrawal symptoms.
    • Understanding conditioned withdrawal responses can inform therapeutic interventions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether elements of narcotic withdrawal can be classically conditioned.
    • To identify specific physiological and subjective responses that can be conditioned.

    Main Methods:

    • Eight volunteers on daily methadone underwent classical conditioning.
    • The unconditioned stimulus was naloxone injection (precipitated withdrawal).
    • Conditioning stimuli included tone, odor, and saline injection.

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    Main Results:

    • Conditioning was successful in 5 of 8 subjects.
    • Conditioned responses included tearing, yawning, lacrimation, blood pressure increase, respiratory irregularities, and subjective withdrawal symptoms.
    • A second group exhibited conditioned heart rate and respiratory rate decrease, and skin temperature decrease.

    Conclusions:

    • Laboratory findings support clinical reports of conditioned withdrawal syndrome.
    • Conditioned responses can be elicited by previously neutral stimuli.
    • Identifying and modifying conditioned withdrawal responses may improve treatment outcomes for opioid use disorder.