[Classification of EEG in states of wakefulness]

Source: Kodani, S., et.al. Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits involved in the sleep-to-wakefulness transition in mice. The procedure involves surgically implanting an optic fiber and electrodes into the brain and muscles to enable light stimulation and electrophysiological recording. By delivering light to activate light-sensitive cation...

EEG is a non-invasive technique that can measure brain activity. The neural activity generates electrical signals that are recorded by EEG electrodes placed on the scalp. When an individual is engaged in performing a cognitive task, brain activity changes and these changes can be recorded on the EEG graph. Therefore, it is a powerful tool for cognitive scientist aiming to better understand the neural correlates associated with different aspects of cognition, which will ultimately help them...

Here, we describe methods of optogenetic manipulation of particular types of neurons during monitoring of sleep/wakefulness states in mice, presenting our recent work on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as an...

Non-restraining EEG radiotelemetry is a valuable methodological approach to record in vivo long-term electroencephalograms from freely moving rodents. This detailed protocol describes stereotaxic epidural and deep intracerebral electrode placement in different brain regions in order to obtain reliable recordings of CNS rhythmicity and CNS related behavioral...

In this video, we demonstrate the steps required to run a brain-computer interface experiment, including setting up the EEG cap, calibrating the system, and training the user to move a cursor in two dimensions using imagined...

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge: