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Intermaxillary forces during activator treatment

E G Katsavrias1, D J Halazonetis

  • 1Athens University Dental School, Orthodontic Department, Greeece. ekats@netor.gr

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|February 11, 1999
PubMed
Summary

The activator appliance generates orthodontic forces, not significant orthopedic forces, for Class II correction. Measured intermaxillary forces were within the orthodontic range, showing considerable patient variation.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Craniofacial Biology

Background:

  • The precise mechanism of activator appliances in Class II correction remains debated.
  • Potential actions include enhancing mandibular growth, inhibiting maxillary growth via orthopedic forces, or causing dentoalveolar changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the anteroposterior intermaxillary forces generated during activator appliance use.
  • To differentiate between orthodontic and orthopedic force contributions.

Main Methods:

  • Ten Class II patients used a modified activator with detachable segments.
  • Anteroposterior forces were measured using a force transducer placed between maxillary and mandibular segments.
  • Measurements were taken over six months in upright and reclined positions.

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Main Results:

  • Intermaxillary forces were predominantly in the orthodontic range (median 100-123 gf).
  • Significant variation in force levels was observed between patients and over time.
  • No statistically significant changes in force magnitude were detected over the six-month period or between postures.

Conclusions:

  • Activator appliances primarily exert orthodontic forces, with limited evidence for significant orthopedic effects on the maxilla.
  • The wide variability in forces suggests patient-specific responses and appliance fit influence outcomes.