An altered peptide ligand specifically inhibits Th2 cytokine synthesis by abrogating TCR signaling

Altered peptide ligands (APL) can modify T cell effector function by their diversity in binding to the TCR or MHC class II-presenting molecules. The capacity to inhibit Th2 cytokine production by allergen-specific T cells would contribute to combating allergic inflammation. The presence of APL generated by Ala-substitutions in a synthetic dodeca-peptide spanning an immunodominant epitope of bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) was investigated in human T cells. Four of five substituted peptides reduced proliferation, IL-4, and IFN-gamma production by cloned PLA-specific Th0 cells proportionately. However, one APL, PLA-F82A, inhibited IL-4 but had no effect on IFN-gamma production. This uncoupling of IL-4 from IFN-gamma production was also observed on immunogenic restimulation of the cloned T cells pre-exposed to the APL/APCs. It appeared to result from lower affinity of binding to MHC class II by the APL compared with the native peptide. The APL also inhibited IL-4 production by polyclonal T cells. In consequence of the change in cytokine secretion, the production of IgG4 in vitro increased by PLA-F82A stimulation, compared with the native peptide. Exposure of the cloned T cells to either the APL or the native peptide, in the absence of professional APC, induced anergy such that proliferation and production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was abrogated on immunogenic rechallenge. Defective T cell activation appeared to result from alterations in transmembrane signaling through the TCR, specifically to lack of tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70.