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Failure effects on outerdirectedness: a failure to replicate

American Journal of Mental Deficiency

|November 1, 1976

Summary

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This study found no short-term effects of failure experiences on children's outerdirectedness, refuting previous hypotheses. Differences in experimental design may explain the divergent findings regarding social reinforcement and child behavior.

Area of Science:

Child Psychology
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Outerdirectedness in children has been linked to failure experiences and social reinforcement.
Previous research by Turnure and Zigler (1964) proposed outerdirectedness as a function of failure and social cues.

Purpose of the Study:

To replicate and test Zigler's hypothesis on the antecedents of outerdirectedness.
To investigate the short-term effects of failure experiences on outerdirectedness in children.
To examine Turnure and Zigler's hypothesis regarding situational social reinforcement.

Main Methods:

Replication of a portion of the Turnure and Zigler (1964) experiment.
Thirty nonretarded and 30 retarded children, matched on Mental Age (MA), participated.
Participants experienced failure games with varied social reinforcement or an imitation task only.

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Main Results:

No significant short-term effects of failure experiences on outerdirectedness were observed.
The study's findings did not support Zigler's hypothesis on the antecedents of outerdirectedness.
Turnure and Zigler's hypothesis concerning situational social reinforcement was refuted.

Conclusions:

Failure experiences do not appear to have immediate effects on children's outerdirectedness.
Discrepancies with prior research may stem from variations in tasks, analysis methods, or participant populations.
Further research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between failure, social reinforcement, and outerdirectedness.