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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in various...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
11:54

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Published on: January 21, 2018

Antihistamines in severe/chronic rhinitis

J Bousquet1

  • 1Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France.

Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|February 13, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Ebastine, a second-generation antihistamine, effectively treats allergic rhinitis without causing sedation or significant QTc interval effects. It offers flexible dosing for mild to severe symptoms, making it a safe and convenient option.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Allergology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Oral antihistamines are first-line treatments for allergic rhinitis.
  • First-generation antihistamines have side effects like sedation.
  • Second-generation antihistamines offer improved safety profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate ebastine as a second-generation H1-blocker.
  • To assess its efficacy and safety in treating allergic rhinitis.
  • To compare its profile with other antihistamines.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical trials assessing ebastine's efficacy and safety.
  • Evaluation of side effect profiles, including sedation and QTc interval effects.
  • Dose-ranging studies for seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR).

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Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
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Published on: January 21, 2018

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay
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Main Results:

  • Ebastine is a potent H1-blocker with efficacy comparable to other second-generation antihistamines.
  • It does not cause sedation or interact with alcohol.
  • No clinically relevant QTc interval effects were observed, even at higher doses.

Conclusions:

  • Ebastine is a safe and effective treatment for allergic rhinitis.
  • Its lack of sedation and minimal cardiac effects make it a favorable option.
  • Flexible dosing (10-20 mg) allows for tailored treatment of mild to severe allergic rhinitis.