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Acute myeloid leukemia presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis

Merlin Thomas1, Mushtak AlGherbawe2

  • 1Pulmonary Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.

Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
|July 3, 2014
PubMed

Insights

This case study highlights a rare co-occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis and acute myeloid leukemia in an immunocompetent man. Early diagnosis and combined treatment led to successful remission of both conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are significant global health concerns.
  • Co-occurrence of pulmonary TB and AML is exceptionally rare, particularly in immunocompetent individuals.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise due to overlapping clinical and radiological features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a unique case of concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis and acute myeloid leukemia.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering hematological malignancies in patients with persistent infections and atypical presentations.
  • To highlight successful management strategies for this dual diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 58-year-old male with symptoms suggestive of infection and hematological abnormalities.
  • Diagnostic workup included blood investigations, chest imaging, bronchoalveolar lavage, and bone marrow aspiration.
  • Treatment involved standard antitubercular therapy and induction chemotherapy for AML.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with fever, cough, neutropenia, monocytosis, and bilateral lung infiltrates.
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
  • Bone marrow aspiration revealed acute myeloid leukemia.
  • The patient achieved remission after chemotherapy and completed antitubercular treatment without complications.

Conclusions:

  • This case underscores the critical need for a high index of suspicion for hematological disorders in patients with severe or atypical infections.
  • Integrated management of tuberculosis and acute myeloid leukemia is feasible and can lead to favorable outcomes.
  • This is the first reported case of concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis and acute myeloid leukemia in Qatar.

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