Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
Published on: December 26, 2019
The Immune Synapse: Past, Present, and Future
Michael L Dustin1,2, Cosima T Baldari3
1The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, UK. michael.dustin@kennedy.ox.ac.uk.
Insights
This volume details methods for studying immunological synapses, specialized immune cell junctions crucial for cell communication. It covers techniques for in vitro and in vivo analysis, aiding researchers in understanding immune responses.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
- Microscopy
Background:
- Immunological synapses are specialized cell-cell junctions facilitating immune cell communication.
- Their study has advanced significantly with improved microscopy and molecular immunology techniques.
- Early observations were made using electron microscopy in the late 20th century.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive collection of protocols for studying immunological synapses.
- To offer methods applicable to both in vitro and in vivo research settings.
- To include techniques relevant to disease models in humans and animals.
Main Methods:
- Electron microscopy for initial visualization.
- Advanced fluorescence microscopy for detailed analysis.
- Molecular immunology techniques including protein expression and mRNA electroporation.
Main Results:
- The volume presents a diverse range of protocols for immunological synapse research.
- Methods cover in vitro and in vivo applications, including disease models.
- Supporting molecular tools for imaging approaches are also included.
Conclusions:
- This collection aims to equip researchers with essential methods for studying immunological synapses.
- It serves both new and experienced scientists in the field.
- The protocols facilitate a deeper understanding of immune cell interactions and functions.
Abstract:
Immunological synapses are specialized cell-cell junctions characterized by (1) close apposition of the immune cell membrane with the membrane of another cell driven by adaptive or innate immune recognition, (2) adhesion, (3) stability, and (4) directed secretion. This phenomenon was first recognized in the 1970s and the early 1980s through electron microscopy of ex vivo functioning immune cells. Progressive advances in fluorescence microscopy and molecular immunology in the past 20 years have led to rapid progress on understanding the modes of cell-cell interaction and underlying molecular events. This volume contains a diverse range of protocols that can be applied to the study of the immunological synapses and related immune cell junctions both in vitro and in vivo; and in disease settings in animal models and humans. We have also included chapters on critical molecular tools such as protein expression and mRNA electroporation that underpin or expand imaging approaches, although they are not specific to the study of immune synapses. We hope that these chapters will be of use to people entering the field as well as seasoned practitioners looking to expand their repertoire of methods.
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