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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy
Published on: August 9, 2019
3D approach visualizing cellular networks in human lymph nodes
Marvin Siegfried Oswald1, Martin-Leo Hansmann2
1Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt/Main, Dr. Senckenberg Institut für Pathologie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, 60590, Hessen, Germany.
Insights
Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of lymph node tissue offers a novel approach to lymphoma diagnostics. This method utilizes thick tissue sections and advanced imaging techniques, moving beyond traditional 2D microscopy for enhanced understanding.
Area of Science:
- Pathology
- Biomedical Engineering
- Oncology
Background:
- Current lymph node diagnostics rely on analyzing 2D images of thin tissue sections.
- Traditional methods involve hematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa, and immunohistochemical staining.
- Three-dimensional (3D) visualization has not yet been integrated into routine lymphoma diagnostics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe a novel method for 3D visualization of lymphoid tissue.
- To explore the application of 3D models in lymph node diagnostics, teaching, and research.
- To evaluate different 3D printing techniques for creating tangible models.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing thick paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissue sections.
- Immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies.
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy and advanced data processing software.
- 3D printing of the processed tissue data.
Main Results:
- Successful generation of 3D visualizations of lymph node tissue.
- Demonstration of the potential for 3D models in enhancing diagnostic accuracy.
- Discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of various 3D printing technologies.
Conclusions:
- 3D visualization represents a significant advancement over traditional 2D methods for lymph node analysis.
- 3D printed models offer valuable applications in diagnostics, medical education, and scientific research.
- This technology has the potential to improve the understanding and diagnosis of lymphomas.
Abstract:
Lymph node diagnostics are essentially based on cutting thin sections of formalin fixed tissues. After hematoxylin and eosin stain, Giemsa stain and immunohistochemical staining of these tissues, the lymph node diagnosis is done using a light microscope, looking at two-dimensional pictures. Three-dimensional visualizations of lymph node tissue have not been used in lymphoma diagnostics yet. This article describes three-dimensional visualization of lymphoid tissue, using thick paraffin sections, immunostained with monoclonal antibodies, confocal laser scanning and data processing with appropriate software and the 3D printing process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of different printing techniques are discussed as well as the application of 3D models in diagnostics, teaching and research of lymph nodes.
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