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Isolated cutaneous myeloid sarcoma preceding acute myeloid leukemia: a case report and literature review

Konstantina Mavridou1, Sofia Gavriil2, Alexandra Papoudou-Bai3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Ioannina. mavridounantia@gmail.com.

Dermatology Reports
|March 25, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Isolated cutaneous myeloid sarcoma (icMS) and aleukemic leukemia cutis (ALC) are rare skin manifestations of leukemia. These conditions, preceding acute myeloid leukemia (AML), are associated with a poor prognosis, particularly the FAB-M5 subtype.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Isolated cutaneous myeloid sarcoma (icMS) and aleukemic leukemia cutis (ALC) represent skin infiltration by leukemic cells before systemic detection.
  • These conditions are rare extramedullary manifestations of leukemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the characteristics of adult-onset icMS and ALC preceding acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • To analyze the prognostic factors in patients with icMS/ALC.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 67-year-old patient with icMS progressing to AML.
  • Literature review compiling 15 previously reported icMS/ALC cases with detailed clinical data.

Main Results:

  • The case patient presented with a rapidly evolving cutaneous tumor and erythematous plaques, diagnosed as icMS, which progressed to AML.
  • Literature review confirmed that icMS/ALC patients generally have a worse overall prognosis.
  • The FAB-M5 subtype of AML was identified as a significant adverse prognostic factor.

Conclusions:

  • icMS and ALC are critical indicators of impending or concurrent AML with a poor prognosis.
  • Early recognition and understanding of prognostic factors like FAB-M5 AML are crucial for patient management.

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