Immunophenotypic patterns in paediatric acute leukaemia: A flowcytometry-based prospective observational study in
Rashmi Rati1, Arvind Kumar1, Sunil Kumar Mahto1
1Department of Pathology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Insights
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping accurately classifies paediatric leukaemia subtypes, distinguishing between acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). This aids precise diagnosis and treatment planning for childhood leukaemia.
Area of Science:
- Hematology
- Pediatric Oncology
- Immunology
Background:
- Acute leukaemia is a serious bone marrow disorder characterized by excessive immature blast cell production.
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is prevalent in adults, while acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is more common in children.
- Accurate classification of leukaemia subtypes is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze diverse immunophenotypic patterns in paediatric leukaemia using flow cytometry.
- To differentiate between acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children.
- To establish the role of immunophenotyping in diagnosing and managing paediatric leukaemia.
Main Methods:
- A prospective observational study involving 54 diagnosed paediatric acute leukaemia cases.
- Bone marrow samples were analyzed using multiparametric flow cytometry for immunophenotyping.
- Classification of leukaemia subtypes based on identified immunophenotypic markers.
Main Results:
- Out of 54 cases, 30 (56%) were ALL and 24 (44%) were AML.
- Within ALL cases, 21 (70%) were B-cell ALL and 9 (30%) were T-cell ALL.
- Specific immunophenotypic markers (e.g., CD10, CD19, CD79a for B-ALL; sCD3, CD5, CD7 for T-ALL; CD13, CD33, cMPO for AML) were identified with high accuracy.
Conclusions:
- Flow cytometry is a highly accurate method for differentiating paediatric leukaemia subtypes.
- Immunophenotyping is critical for the diagnosis, classification, and treatment strategy of paediatric leukaemia.
- This study highlights the importance of flow cytometry in managing childhood leukaemia effectively.
Introduction:
Acute leukaemia is a rapidly progressive haematopoietic disorder affecting bone marrow, leading to excessive production of immature blast cells. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in adults accounts for 80-90% of cases of acute leukaemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), common in childhood, comprises 12% of all leukaemia. Immunophenotyping using flow cytometry is crucial for classifying leukaemia into AML and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) subtypes, aiding in accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to analyze the different immunophenotypic patterns in paediatric leukaemia by flow cytometry.
Materials And Methods:
This prospective observational study included 54 diagnosed cases of paediatric acute leukaemia on bone marrow studies. Furthermore, it is classified by multiparametric flowcytometry.
Results:
Among 54 cases, 30 (56%) were ALL and 24 (44%) were AML. Among ALL cases, 21 (70%) were B ALL and 9 (30%) were T ALL. The most common symptoms were fever (91%) and fatigue (96%). Immunophenotyping showed B ALL cases expressing CD10 (86%), CD19 (81%), and CD79a (81%), while T ALL cases predominantly expressed sCD3 (66%), CD5 (89%), and CD7 (89%). AML cases exhibited CD13 (83%), CD33 (88%), and cMPO (88%).
Conclusion:
Flow cytometry is a highly accurate tool for differentiating leukaemia subtypes. Immunophenotyping plays a crucial role in diagnosis, classification, and treatment planning for Paediatric leukaemia.
