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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

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An Electrochemical Biosensor for Detecting Calreticulin In Situ to Assess Immunogenic Cell Death in Tumor Cells

Zhenguo Zhang1, Dongfang Ren1, Shushen Li1

  • 1Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.

Analytical Chemistry
|January 23, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Researchers developed an electrochemical biosensor using eZIF-8@MB and rGO-MWCNT to detect calreticulin (CRT) changes, enabling precise analysis of immunogenic cell death (ICD) stages for cancer therapy evaluation.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immunotherapies inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) show promise for cancer treatment.
  • Detecting ICD progression is crucial for evaluating therapeutic efficacy.
  • Current methods for analyzing ICD stages are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrochemical biosensor for detecting calreticulin (CRT) changes during ICD.
  • To analyze different stages of ICD in cellular and in vivo models.
  • To provide a tool for evaluating ICD-based cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a porous etched zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (eZIF-8@MB) and reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotube (rGO-MWCNT) nanocomposite.
  • Development of an electrochemical biosensor to detect cell surface CRT.
  • Establishment and confirmation of ICD cellular and mouse models.
  • Characterization of nanocomposite morphology and performance.
  • Differential pulse voltammetry for CRT detection.

Main Results:

  • The eZIF-8@MB/rGO-MWCNT nanocomposite exhibited excellent performance.
  • The biosensor demonstrated rapid, sensitive, and stable detection of CRT.
  • A linear relationship was observed for CRT detection in the range of 10^2 to 10^6 cells/mL.
  • The biosensor successfully detected differential CRT stages in a mouse model of ICD.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrochemical biosensor enables precise analysis of ICD progression.
  • This technology offers a novel tool for evaluating ICD-based cancer immunotherapies.
  • The study facilitates the screening of pharmaceutical agents targeting ICD.

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