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Immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool in pathology

Divya Jayagopal1, Kantharaju K H2, Himanshu Shekhar3

  • 1Department of Pathology, ACS Medical College, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Bioinformation
|February 2, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a vital pathology tool for visualizing antigens in patient tissues using labeled antibodies. Advances in IHC enhance tumor classification, pathogen identification, and targeted therapy administration.

Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) visualizes antigens in patient tissue specimens using labeled antibodies.
  • It aids in tumor classification, pathogen identification, and prognostic marker discovery, especially when morphological assessment is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of immunohistochemistry in clinical pathology.
  • To discuss the evolution and impact of IHC in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes labeled antibodies directed against specific antigens in tissue samples.
  • Employs routine IHC techniques, monoclonal antibodies, and automated stainers for enhanced sensitivity and specificity.

Main Results:

  • Routine IHC improves tumor classification, metastasis origin determination, and targeted therapy administration.
  • Monoclonal antibodies and automated stainers increase antigen detection sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Immunohistochemistry is indispensable for modern clinical pathology, particularly in oncology.
  • Ongoing innovations in IHC, including new biomarkers and multiplexing, continue to advance diagnostic capabilities.

Keywords:
Immunohistochemistrydiagnostic pathologymonoclonal antibodiestissue stainingtumor markers

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