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Published on: May 1, 2015
Cell surface markers in multiple myeloma
G J Ruiz-Argüelles1, J F San Miguel
1Centro de Hematología y Medicina Interna, Puebla, México.
Insights
This study details the cell surface markers on normal and multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells (PCs). Certain antigen expressions on MM cells may indicate prognosis, warranting further investigation.
Area of Science:
- Hematology
- Immunology
- Oncology
Background:
- Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells (PCs).
- Understanding the immunophenotype of normal and malignant PCs is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
- Changes in non-malignant immunoregulatory cells in MM also impact the disease.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize the immunophenotype of normal and myelomatous plasma cells (PCs).
- To investigate changes in immunoregulatory non-myelomatous cells in multiple myeloma (MM).
- To explore the prognostic significance of cell surface markers in MM.
Main Methods:
- Review of cell surface markers (antigens) associated with multiple myeloma.
- Immunophenotypic characterization using monoclonal antibodies.
- Application of flow cytometry or immunocytochemical techniques for cell analysis.
Main Results:
- Normal PCs exhibit heterogeneity, expressing antigens like CD9, CD10, CD13, CD19, CD20, CD33, CD38, and HLA-DR.
- Myelomatous PCs share some markers (CD38, CD9, CD10, HLA-DR, CD20) but can also express non-B-cell lineage markers (myeloid, T-cell, NK-associated).
- Expression of certain antigens (e.g., CD20, myelomonocytic antigens) may correlate with a poor prognosis in MM patients.
Conclusions:
- The immunophenotype of plasma cells in multiple myeloma is complex and heterogeneous.
- Specific cell surface markers on plasma cells may hold prognostic value in MM.
- Further research is needed to fully understand the significance of these markers in MM.
Objective:
To describe the immunophenotype of normal and myelomatous plasma cells (PCs) and the changes in immunoregulatory nonmyelomatous cells in multiple myeloma (MM).
Design:
The cell surface markers (antigens) associated with this common cancer were reviewed.
Material And Methods:
Immunophenotypic characterization of both normal PCs and their counterpart malignant hematopoietic cells can be achieved by using monoclonal antibodies and either flow cytometry or immunocytochemical techniques.
Results:
Normal PCs are heterogeneous and express, in addition to cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, the antigens CD9, CD10, CD13, CD19, CD20, CD33, CD38, and D-related human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR). This heterogeneity also occurs in malignant PCs. Myelomatous PCs may express, in addition to CD38 (the most typical PC marker), the antigens CD9, CD10, HLA-DR, and CD20. Other non-B-cell lineage markers such as myeloid (CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33, CD41, and glycophorin A), T-cell (CD2 and CD4), and natural killer-associated (CD56) antigens, as well as CD23, CD24, CD25, CD37, CD39, CDw40, CD45R, CD71, and certain unclustered antigens (R1-3, PCA-1, PCA-2, PC1, 62B1, 8A, 8F6, and MM4), have been noted in myelomatous PCs. The presence of these antigens in the myeloma cells may have a prognostic value--for example, the expression of CD20 and of myelomonocytic antigens (CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD15, and CD33) may be related to a poor prognosis. The adverse prognostic implication of the expression of CD10 initially described in MM has not been subsequently confirmed. Patients with MM may have mononuclear cells in their peripheral blood that express the same antigens as those expressed by the myeloma cells in their bone marrow. The presence of such cells or their therapy-associated decrease or disappearance may be related to the prognosis of patients with MM.
Conclusion:
The presence of cell surface markers on PCs and their prognostic significance in patients with MM warrant further investigation.
