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El papel de la corteza prefrontal anterior en la cognición humana
E Koechlin1, G Basso, P Pietrini
1Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1440, USA.
Nature
|May 21, 1999
Resumen
La corteza prefrontal fronto-polar (FPPC) apoya de manera única la planificación compleja al permitir a los individuos mantener un objetivo principal mientras gestionan subobjetivos concurrentes. Esta región del cerebro es crucial para el razonamiento humano y las habilidades de resolución de problemas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
- Psicología Cognitiva Psicología cognitiva.
- Imágenes del cerebro humano.
Sus antecedentes:
- La resolución y planificación de problemas complejos se basan en los lóbulos frontales, en particular en la corteza prefrontal fronto-polar (FPPC).
- Las funciones cognitivas precisas de la FPPC, especialmente su papel en la cognición humana, siguen siendo incompletamente entendidas.
- El FPPC está significativamente más desarrollado en humanos que en otras especies de primates.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar los mecanismos neuronales específicos que subyacen a las tareas cognitivas complejas mediadas por el FPPC.
- Diferenciar el papel del FPPC en la gestión de objetivos de la memoria de trabajo y la doble tarea.
Principales métodos:
- Se empleó imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional (IRMf) para observar la actividad cerebral.
- Los participantes realizaron tareas diseñadas para aislar los procesos cognitivos de mantener los objetivos principales con subobjetivos concurrentes, memoria de trabajo y rendimiento de doble tarea.
Principales resultados:
- Las regiones bilaterales dentro del FPPC mostraron activación selectiva exclusivamente cuando los participantes lograron un objetivo primario junto con objetivos secundarios concurrentes.
- Ni el mantenimiento sostenido de la meta (memoria de trabajo) ni el desplazamiento secuencial de la atención (doble tarea) activaron de forma independiente estas regiones FPPC.
- Los hallazgos señalan un correlato neuronal específico para un aspecto crítico de la función ejecutiva.
Conclusiones:
- El FPPC está involucrado selectivamente en la capacidad cognitiva de mantener un objetivo primario en mente mientras explora y procesa simultáneamente objetivos subordinados.
- Esta función del FPPC es fundamental para la planificación humana compleja y las capacidades de razonamiento.
- El estudio aclara una base neuronal clave para las funciones cognitivas avanzadas únicas para los humanos.
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