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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
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In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling
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Dinámica del flujo sanguíneo en la insuficiencia cardíaca.

J K Shoemaker1, H L Naylor, C S Hogeman

  • 1Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. kshoemak@gcrc.hmc.psghs.edu

Circulation
|June 15, 1999
PubMed
Resumen

Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (HF) muestran un aumento de la glucólisis muscular durante el ejercicio. La reducción de la conductividad vascular del antebrazo durante el ejercicio extenuante sugiere que una mayor vasoconstricción contribuye a la fatiga en la IC.

Palabras clave:
Disciplina de la NASA en el área cardiopulmonarNo perteneciente al Centro de la NASA.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Fisiología cardiovascular fisiología cardiovascular.
  • Metabolismo del músculo esquelético.
  • Insuficiencia cardíaca Fisiopatología Fisiopatología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La intolerancia al ejercicio en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) está relacionada con una disminución de la vasodilatación, un aumento de la vasoconstricción y un metabolismo muscular alterado.
  • Estos factores contribuyen a la fatiga experimentada por los pacientes con HF durante la actividad física.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar las respuestas vasculares y metabólicas al ejercicio rítmico del antebrazo en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (HF) en comparación con controles sanos.
  • Examinar el impacto de la HF en el curso temporal de la entrega de oxígeno frente a la absorción durante el ejercicio.
  • Para evaluar la vasoconstricción durante el ejercicio, en particular el metaborreflejo, en pacientes con HF.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizaron dos protocolos de ejercicio en 9 pacientes con fibrilación alta y 9 sujetos de control (CTL).
  • El Protocolo 1 evaluó la dinámica de suministro y absorción de oxígeno.
  • El protocolo 2 evaluó la vasoconstricción durante el ejercicio isquémico del antebrazo para evocar un metaborreflejo.

Principales resultados:

  • Los pacientes con HF exhibieron niveles más altos de lactato venoso y H + en 4 minutos de ejercicio en comparación con CTL, a pesar del flujo sanguíneo similar y la absorción de oxígeno.
  • Las respuestas medias de la presión arterial al ejercicio isquémico fueron comparables entre los grupos.
  • Los pacientes con HF mostraron una reducción del flujo sanguíneo en el antebrazo y la conductividad vascular durante el ejercicio isquémico en comparación con el ejercicio ambiental, a diferencia de los controles.

Conclusiones:

  • El aumento de las respuestas metabólicas glicolíticas al ejercicio moderado en HF se atribuye a las diferencias intrínsecas en el músculo esquelético, no solo a la dinámica vasodilatadora.
  • La incapacidad para aumentar la conductividad vascular del antebrazo durante el ejercicio isquémico extenuante en la hipertensión sugiere que la vasoconstricción aumentada contribuye significativamente a la fatiga por esfuerzo.