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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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La evolución de las comunicaciones sintácticas.

M A Nowak1, J B Plotkin, V A Jansen

  • 1Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA. nowak@ias.edu

Nature
|April 13, 2000
PubMed
Resumen

El lenguaje humano evolucionó la sintaxis, permitiendo la expresión infinita a partir de medios finitos. La selección natural favorece la sintaxis solo cuando las necesidades de la señal exceden un umbral, lo que explica por qué el lenguaje complejo es exclusivamente humano.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • La lingüística es la lingüística de las lenguas.
  • Modelado computacional de la computación.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La comunicación animal se basa en señales no sintácticas que representan situaciones enteras.
  • El lenguaje humano es sintáctico, utilizando componentes discretos con significados individuales, cruciales para la combinatoria.
  • La transición a la comunicación sintáctica fue un paso fundamental en la evolución del lenguaje humano.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para modelar la dinámica evolutiva de la transición de la comunicación no sintáctica a la sintáctica.
  • Analizar cómo la selección natural impulsa esta transición en la evolución del lenguaje.
  • Determinar las condiciones bajo las cuales surge y se favorece la sintaxis.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrolló un modelo de dinámica poblacional para la evolución del lenguaje.
  • Definió la relación reproductiva básica de las palabras.
  • Calculó el tamaño máximo del léxico bajo presiones evolutivas.

Principales resultados:

  • La sintaxis permite repertorios más grandes y una nueva formulación de mensajes.
  • La selección natural favorece la aparición de la sintaxis solo si el número de señales requeridas supera un umbral específico.
  • El modelo cuantifica la relación entre los requisitos de la señal y la evolución de la sintaxis.

Conclusiones:

  • El surgimiento de la sintaxis depende de que se supere un umbral crítico de necesidad de señal.
  • Este umbral puede explicar la evolución humana única de la comunicación sintáctica y el lenguaje complejo.
  • El estudio proporciona un marco cuantitativo para comprender la evolución del lenguaje a través de la selección natural.