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Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Structure of Alkanes

Structure of Alkanes

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms. These sp3...

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

Olefins, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, are broadly divided into alkenes and cycloalkenes. The general chemical formula of an alkene is CnH2n.
Doubly bonded carbons are sp2 hybridized and have a trigonal planar geometry. The double bond is composed of a σ bond formed by the overlap of hybrid orbitals and a π bond produced by the lateral overlap of unhybridized 2p orbitals on both the carbons. Each carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms...

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Introduction:
In nature, compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as "hydrocarbons". Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain saturated single bonds (i.e., alkanes) or unsaturated double or triple bonds. Alkenes contain carbon–carbon double bonds and have a structural formula CnH2n. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon–carbon triple bonds are called "alkynes" and are structurally represented by the formula CnH2n-2.
The simplest alkyne is ethyne, or...

Structure of Amines

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

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Estructura de la superficie hidratada de alfa-Al{2}O{3} (0001) bajo el agua.

Eng¹, Trainor, Brown

¹Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Sta.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 12, 2000

Resumen

La superficie hidratada de alfa-alumina (0001) está terminada en oxígeno, lo que difiere de la superficie limpia y terminada en aluminio. Esta estructura hidratada influye en la reactividad de los óxidos de aluminio.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias de la superficie Ciencias de la superficie.
Ciencia de los materiales ciencia de los materiales.
Química Química es la química.

Sus antecedentes:

Las propiedades físicas y químicas de las superficies de óxido de aluminio son cruciales para comprender su reactividad.
El comportamiento de la superficie alfa-Al2O3 (0001) en presencia de agua es clave para sus aplicaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para determinar la estructura atómica de la superficie hidratada de alfa-Al{2}O{3} (0001).
Para comparar la estructura de la superficie hidratada con la estructura de la superficie limpia.

Principales métodos:

Difracción de la varilla de truncado de cristal utilizando radiación de rayos X sincrotrón.
Análisis de superficie in situ bajo vapor de agua a 300 Kelvin.

Principales resultados:

La superficie hidratada alfa-Al(2)O(3) (0001) está terminada por oxígeno con una capa de aluminio contraída debajo.
Se identificó una capa de agua adsorbida aproximadamente a 2,3 angstroms por encima de la superficie.
La estructura hidratada representa un intermedio entre el alfa-Al2O3 y el gamma-Al3OH3.
La superficie limpia alfa-Al2O3 (0001) tiene terminación de aluminio y está relajada.

Conclusiones:

Las superficies hidratadas y limpias de alfa-Al2O3 (0001) exhiben estructuras distintas.
Estas diferencias estructurales explican las diferentes reactividades de las superficies de óxido de aluminio limpias versus hidroxiladas.