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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 11, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
12:06

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Published on: May 12, 2011

La apoptosis en el sistema nervioso.

J Yuan1, B A Yankner

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. junying_yuan@hms.harvard.edu

Nature
|October 26, 2000
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La apoptosis neuronal es clave en el desarrollo del cerebro y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Comprender sus vías moleculares, como las que involucran a Apaf-1 y Bcl-2, ofrece objetivos terapéuticos para afecciones como la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System
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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Biología celular Biología celular.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La apoptosis neuronal (muerte celular programada) es crucial para el desarrollo del cerebro.
  • Desempeña un papel importante en la patogénesis de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
  • Los actores moleculares clave incluyen Apaf-1 (factor de activación de la proteasa apoptótica 1), proteínas de la familia Bcl-2 y caspasas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para dilucidar los mecanismos moleculares de la apoptosis neuronal.
  • Explorar el papel de las neurotropinas y las vías de señalización asociadas en la regulación de la muerte celular neuronal.
  • Identificar posibles dianas terapéuticas para enfermedades neurodegenerativas mediante la comprensión de la maquinaria de muerte celular.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de los componentes moleculares de la apoptosis en las neuronas.
  • Investigación de las cascadas de la proteína quinasa, incluidas las vías de la fosfoinositida 3-quinasa/Akt y de la proteína quinasa activada por mitógenos.
  • Examen de las vías de señalización de la muerte celular en el contexto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificó Apaf-1, proteínas de la familia Bcl-2 y caspasas como los principales componentes moleculares de la apoptosis neuronal.
  • Se demostró que las neurotrofinas regulan la apoptosis neuronal a través de las vías de la fosfoinositida 3-cinasa/Akt y de la proteína quinasa activada por mitógenos.
  • Destacó la activación potencial de vías similares de muerte celular por estructuras proteicas anormales (por ejemplo, fibrillas amiloides) en enfermedades neurodegenerativas.

Conclusiones:

  • La apoptosis neuronal es un proceso complejo que involucra componentes moleculares específicos y vías de señalización.
  • Comprender estas vías proporciona información sobre el desarrollo normal del cerebro y los estados de la enfermedad.
  • Elucidar los mecanismos de muerte celular neuronal ofrece vías prometedoras para las intervenciones terapéuticas en enfermedades neurodegenerativas.