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Mejorar las enzimas mediante su uso en disolventes orgánicos.
1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. klibanov@mit.edu
Nature
|February 24, 2001
Resumen
El uso de enzimas en disolventes orgánicos mejora su utilidad tecnológica. Las enzimas en ambientes no acuosos muestran una mayor estabilidad, nuevos comportamientos como la memoria molecular y una selectividad alterada, lo que permite nuevas aplicaciones.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
- Química orgánica es la química orgánica.
- Ingeniería Química Ingeniería Química.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las enzimas funcionan tradicionalmente en medios acuosos.
- Los disolventes orgánicos ofrecen un entorno de reacción diferente para las enzimas.
- Investigaciones anteriores han explorado la actividad enzimática en sistemas no acuosos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar los beneficios e implicaciones del uso de enzimas en disolventes orgánicos.
- Para resaltar las nuevas capacidades catalíticas y comportamientos de las enzimas en medios orgánicos.
- Discutir las aplicaciones potenciales y comercializadas de la catálisis enzimática en solventes orgánicos.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de la literatura de estudios sobre enzimas en disolventes orgánicos en los últimos 15 años.
- Análisis de propiedades enzimáticas tales como estabilidad, selectividad y actividad catalítica en diversos medios orgánicos.
- Examen de las aplicaciones reportadas y los procesos comercializados.
Principales resultados:
- Las enzimas se pueden utilizar eficazmente en disolventes orgánicos, exhibiendo una mayor estabilidad y actividades catalíticas únicas.
- La selectividad enzimática (substrato, estereo-, regio-, quimio-selectividad) está significativamente influenciada, y a veces invertida, por la elección del disolvente.
- Se han observado nuevos comportamientos como la "memoria molecular" en enzimas dentro de ambientes orgánicos.
- La catálisis enzimática en disolventes orgánicos, fluidos supercríticos y fase gaseosa ha dado lugar a numerosas aplicaciones comerciales potenciales y existentes.
Conclusiones:
- El empleo de enzimas en disolventes orgánicos amplía significativamente su utilidad tecnológica.
- El entorno de reacción alterado puede conducir a reacciones enzimáticas sin precedentes y mejorar el rendimiento de las enzimas.
- La tecnología enzimática en medios no acuosos presenta diversas y valiosas aplicaciones en diversas industrias.
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