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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

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Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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La dinámica del olor-pluma influye en el código olfativo del cerebro.

N J Vickers1, T A Christensen, T C Baker

  • 1Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, The University of Arizona, PO Box 210077, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. vickers@biology.utah.edu

Nature
|March 22, 2001
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los circuitos olfativos de las polillas rastrean con precisión la intensidad y la dinámica del olor. Los patrones de actividad neuronal en las neuronas de salida del lóbulo antenal se adaptan a las variaciones rápidas y naturales del olor, lo que demuestra una alta precisión temporal en el procesamiento del olor.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
  • Investigación del sistema olfativo de investigación del sistema olfativo.
  • Neurobiología de los insectos.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los cálculos neuronales para la información olfativa se estudian extensamente.
  • Los estudios sobre el lóbulo antenal de los insectos sugieren que el reconocimiento del olor se basa en patrones de actividad temporal/espacial, potencialmente mejorados por el aprendizaje.
  • No está claro si estos patrones persisten bajo intensidades de olor naturales que cambian rápidamente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si los patrones de actividad neuronal olfativa permanecen estables durante fluctuaciones rápidas e impredecibles de la intensidad del olor.
  • Determinar si los circuitos olfativos de los insectos pueden compensar las variaciones naturales en los estímulos olfativos.
  • Examinar la precisión temporal del procesamiento olfativo en respuesta a olores dinámicos.

Principales métodos:

  • Grabación de patrones de picos de las neuronas de salida del lóbulo antenal de la mariposa.
  • Utilizando la estimulación del olor naturalmente intermitente.
  • Analizando la relación entre la dinámica del olor, la intensidad y la actividad neuronal.

Principales resultados:

  • Los patrones de picos de las neuronas de salida del lóbulo antenal de la polilla variaban predeciblemente con la dinámica temporal a escala fina y la intensidad de los estímulos olfativos intermitentes.
  • La actividad neuronal demostró una alta precisión temporal, lo que refleja los cambios en curso en el estímulo del olor.
  • Los circuitos olfativos mostraron adaptación a las variaciones contextuales en los patrones de estímulo.

Conclusiones:

  • Los circuitos olfativos exhiben una alta precisión temporal, compensando los cambios rápidos e impredecibles en la intensidad y dinámica del olor.
  • El tiempo de la actividad de la neurona de salida se modula dinámicamente para reflejar los cambios en la escala de milisegundos en los estímulos olfativos.
  • Los hallazgos apoyan la hipótesis de que los sistemas olfativos mantienen una representación precisa del olor a pesar de la variabilidad del estímulo natural.