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Crecimiento, desarrollo y comportamiento en la primera infancia después de la exposición prenatal a la cocaína: una
D A Frank1, M Augustyn, W G Knight
1Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2393, USA. dafrank@bu.edu
JAMA
|April 13, 2001
Resumen
La exposición prenatal a la cocaína en niños de hasta 6 años de edad no muestra evidencia convincente de daños únicos en el desarrollo. Otros factores como el tabaco y el medio ambiente juegan un papel importante.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Psicología del desarrollo Psicología del desarrollo.
- La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- La percepción pública y la política a menudo consideran que la exposición prenatal a la cocaína es especialmente dañina.
- Estudios recientes desafían la noción de efectos catastróficos de la exposición in utero a la cocaína.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar críticamente los resultados en la primera infancia después de la exposición prenatal a la cocaína.
- Examinar los efectos en el crecimiento físico, la cognición, el lenguaje, las habilidades motoras y el comportamiento / atención.
Principales métodos:
- Búsqueda sistemática de la literatura de MEDLINE y resúmenes psicológicos (1984-2000).
- La inclusión de estudios revisados por pares en inglés con grupos de comparación y evaluaciones prospectivas y enmascaradas.
- Exclusión de estudios con coexposiciones significativas a opiáceos, anfetaminas, fenciclidina o VIH.
Principales resultados:
- No se encontraron asociaciones negativas consistentes entre la exposición prenatal a la cocaína y el crecimiento físico, las puntuaciones cognitivas o las habilidades lingüísticas.
- Se observaron déficits de habilidades motoras hasta 7 meses, potencialmente relacionados con la exposición al tabaco.
- No hay efectos independientes de la cocaína en los informes de comportamiento estandarizados; los hallazgos preliminares sugieren impactos en la atención y la expresividad emocional.
Conclusiones:
- No hay evidencia convincente que indique que la exposición prenatal a la cocaína causa una toxicidad única en el desarrollo de los niños hasta los 6 años.
- Los efectos observados a menudo se correlacionan con otros factores de riesgo como el tabaco, la marihuana, la exposición al alcohol y la calidad ambiental.
- Se necesita más investigación para replicar los hallazgos neurológicos preliminares.
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