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Causas complejas de la disminución de la población de anfibios

J M Kiesecker¹, A R Blaustein, L K Belden

¹Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5301, USA. jmk23@psu.edu

|April 5, 2001

Resumen

El cambio climático global está impulsando el declive de anfibios. La reducción de la profundidad del agua debido a la alteración de la precipitación aumenta la exposición del embrión a la radiación ultravioleta B (UV-B) dañina, lo que conduce a una mayor susceptibilidad a las enfermedades y la mortalidad.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ecología Ecología Ecología.
Ciencias ambientales Ciencias ambientales.
Biología de anfibios Biología de anfibios.

Sus antecedentes:

Las poblaciones de anfibios en todo el mundo se enfrentan a importantes disminuciones y extinciones.
El cambio climático, la radiación UV-B y las enfermedades son factores sospechosos, pero su interacción global no está clara.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar el vínculo entre la exposición al UV-B inducida por el clima y los brotes de patógenos anfibios en el oeste de los EE.UU.
Determinar el papel de la variabilidad de las precipitaciones y los ciclos de El Niño/Oscilación Sur (ENSO) en la mortalidad de anfibios.

Principales métodos:

Análisis de datos de observación a largo plazo sobre la precipitación, la exposición a los rayos UV-B y las tasas de infección de anfibios.
Experimentos de campo para evaluar el impacto de la profundidad del agua y los rayos UV-B en la supervivencia y la enfermedad del embrión (Saprolegnia ferax).

Principales resultados:

La reducción de la profundidad del agua en los sitios de cría, impulsada por los cambios en las precipitaciones, aumenta la exposición del embrión anfibio a la radiación UV-B.
El aumento de la exposición a los rayos UV-B eleva la vulnerabilidad del embrión a la infección por el patógeno oomycete Saprolegnia ferax, causando una alta mortalidad.
Los patrones de precipitación están fuertemente vinculados a los ciclos de ENSO, lo que indica un papel para los fenómenos climáticos a gran escala.

Conclusiones:

Los cambios inducidos por el clima en la exposición a los rayos UV-B son un importante impulsor de la disminución de anfibios a través de brotes de patógenos.
Las elevadas temperaturas de la superficie del mar en el Pacífico tropical pueden ser un precursor de la disminución generalizada de anfibios impulsados por el clima a nivel mundial.

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