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Procesos ecológicos y evolutivos en la expansión de los márgenes de rango.

C D Thomas1, E J Bodsworth, R J Wilson

  • 1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. c.d.thomas@leeds.ac.uk

Nature
|June 1, 2001
PubMed
Resumen

El calentamiento climático está permitiendo que los insectos sedentarios amplíen sus rangos al aumentar la variedad y dispersión del hábitat. Este cambio ecológico y evolutivo acelera las tasas de invasión, ayudando a la adaptación a los entornos cambiantes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ecología Ecología Ecología.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Cambio climático Biología Cambio climático Biología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las especies en los márgenes fríos de sus rangos geográficos a menudo son sedentarias y especializadas.
  • Estas especies suelen ser lentas para colonizar nuevos hábitats.
  • El reciente calentamiento climático ha llevado a una rápida expansión del área de distribución de muchas especies en sus fríos márgenes de distribución.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos ecológicos y evolutivos detrás de la rápida expansión de rango en cuatro especies de insectos en Gran Bretaña en los últimos 20 años.
  • Para determinar si los cambios en la amplitud del hábitat o la capacidad de dispersión contribuyen a la expansión del rango.
  • Cuantificar el impacto de estos cambios en las tasas de expansión de las especies.

Principales métodos:

  • Examinó cuatro especies de insectos exhibiendo expansión de rango en Gran Bretaña.
  • Se evaluaron los cambios en la variedad de colonización del hábitat para dos especies de mariposas.
  • Cuantificó la proporción de individuos de alas más largas (dispersivos) en poblaciones recién fundadas de dos especies de grillos de arbusto.

Principales resultados:

  • Dos especies de mariposas demostraron una mayor variedad de hábitats colonizables.
  • Dos especies de grillos de monte mostraron una mayor proporción de individuos dispersos en poblaciones recientes.
  • Las tasas de expansión aumentaron de 3 a 15 veces debido a una mayor amplitud y dispersión del hábitat.

Conclusiones:

  • Tanto los procesos ecológicos como los evolutivos impulsan la rápida expansión de la gama de insectos.
  • El aumento de la amplitud del hábitat y las tendencias de dispersión facilitan el cruce de barreras de hábitat anteriormente infranqueables.
  • El surgimiento de fenotipos dispersivos es crucial para la rápida invasión de especies y la adaptación al cambio climático.