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Los principales linajes fúngicos se derivan de ancestros simbióticos de líquenes
1Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA. flutzoni@fmnh.org
Nature
|June 22, 2001
Resumen
Los líquenes, asociaciones de hongos simbióticos, evolucionaron antes de lo que se pensaba. A pesar de las ganancias poco frecuentes, las múltiples pérdidas de esta simbiosis llevaron a hongos no formadores de lichenos como Aspergillus.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La micología de la micología.
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
- La simbiosis es una simbiosis.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los líquenes son asociaciones simbióticas entre hongos y algas / cianobacterias, cruciales para la adquisición de carbohidratos por hongos.
- Las especies de hongos exhiben una presencia mixta de formas liqueanizadas (42%) y no liqueanizadas (58%) dentro del filo Ascomycota.
- Se plantea ampliamente la hipótesis de múltiples orígenes independientes de los líquenes debido a la alta diversidad y distribución taxonómica.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar la historia evolutiva de la licenización en el Ascomycota.
- Para determinar el momento de la evolución de los líquenes y la frecuencia de las ganancias y pérdidas de simbiosis.
- Comprender los orígenes filogenéticos de las especies fúngicas no formadoras de lichenos.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis comparativo filogenético del género Ascomycota.
- Metodología de muestreo de árboles filogenéticos bayesianos.
- Modelo estadístico de evolución de rasgos que incorpora incertidumbre filogenética.
Principales resultados:
- Los líquenes evolucionaron más temprano en la historia de Ascomycota de lo que se estimaba anteriormente.
- Las ganancias de lichenización fueron infrecuentes, pero se produjeron múltiples pérdidas independientes de la simbiosis del líqueno.
- Muchos linajes fúngicos exclusivamente no formadores de líquenes, incluidos géneros relevantes para los humanos como Penicillium y Aspergillus, evolucionaron a partir de antepasados formadores de líquenes.
Conclusiones:
- La evolución de la licenización se caracteriza por ganancias raras y pérdidas frecuentes.
- Comprender estas dinámicas evolutivas es clave para comprender la diversidad fúngica y los orígenes de importantes taxones fúngicos.
- Esta investigación replantea la trayectoria evolutiva de los principales linajes fúngicos dentro de los Ascomycota.
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