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Riesgo estimado de transmisión del VIH por transfusión de sangre en Kenia
A Moore1, G Herrera, J Nyamongo
1Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention-Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Georgia, Atlanta 30333, USA.
Lancet (London, England)
|September 1, 2001
Resumen
En Kenia, un estudio encontró que el 2.0% de las transfusiones de sangre transmitieron el VIH debido a malas prácticas de laboratorio. Esto pone de relieve las necesidades críticas para mejorar la seguridad de la sangre y reducir los riesgos de transmisión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en los países en desarrollo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Enfermedades infecciosas Enfermedades infecciosas.
- Medicina de la transfusión Medicina de las transfusiones.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los países en desarrollo a menudo carecen de apoyo adecuado para los programas de seguridad de la sangre.
- Kenia se enfrenta a una epidemia madura del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), lo que aumenta los riesgos de transfusión.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar el riesgo de transmisión del VIH a través de la transfusión de sangre en Kenia.
- Aumentar la conciencia de las cuestiones de seguridad de la sangre.
- Identificar estrategias para mitigar la transmisión del VIH asociada a la transfusión.
Principales métodos:
- Se recogieron muestras de sangre de donantes y receptores en seis hospitales de Kenia durante 12 semanas (abril-julio de 1994).
- Donaciones examinadas para el VIH utilizando prácticas estándar de laboratorio hospitalario.
- Se compararon los resultados de las pruebas hospitalarias con un laboratorio de referencia y se calculó el riesgo de transmisión del VIH asociado a la transfusión.
Principales resultados:
- La prevalencia del VIH entre los donantes de sangre fue del 6,4%, variando significativamente entre los hospitales (2-20%).
- Se estima que el 2,0% de las transfusiones transmitieron el VIH, con 26 donaciones VIH positivas dadas a pacientes VIH negativos.
- Factores contribuyentes identificados: refrigeración inconsistente, errores de datos, fallas en el equipo y falta de garantía de calidad.
Conclusiones:
- Las prácticas erróneas de laboratorio fueron la causa principal de las altas tasas de transmisión del VIH a través de transfusiones de sangre en Kenia.
- El Ministerio de Salud de Kenia implementó intervenciones prácticas y de bajo costo para mejorar la seguridad nacional de la sangre en base a los hallazgos del estudio.
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