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What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 10, 2026

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Reconociendo el fosfatidilinositol 3-fosfato

S Misra1, G J Miller, J H Hurley

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cell
|December 6, 2001
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El fosfatidilinositol 3-fosfato (PI3P) guía la localización de la proteína endosómica a través de los dominios FYVE y PX. Las nuevas estructuras revelan cómo las interacciones químicas específicas de PI3P lo distinguen de otros lípidos.

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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
08:07

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Videos de Experimentos Relacionados

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
07:26

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

Published on: October 15, 2016

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
08:07

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

Published on: July 26, 2019

Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
  • Biología celular Biología celular.
  • Biología Estructural Biología estructural.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El fosfatidilinositol 3-fosfato (PI3P) es un lípido de señalización clave en el tráfico endosómico.
  • Se sabe que los dominios FYVE y PX se unen a PI3P, mediando la localización de proteínas.
  • Comprender la base molecular del reconocimiento de PI3P es crucial para descifrar los mecanismos de clasificación endosómica.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para aclarar la base estructural del reconocimiento de PI3P por los dominios FYVE y PX.
  • Para entender cómo estos dominios diferencian PI3P de otros fosfoinosítidos.
  • Proporcionar información sobre el papel de PI3P en la dirección de la localización de proteínas endosomales.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó la cristalografía de rayos X para determinar las estructuras de los dominios FYVE y PX en complejo con PI3P.
  • El análisis estructural se centró en las interacciones entre los dominios de proteínas y el grupo principal de fosfoinosítidos.
  • Se realizó un análisis comparativo con otros fosfoinosítidos.

Principales resultados:

  • Las nuevas estructuras revelan interacciones detalladas entre los dominios FYVE/PX y el grupo principal PI3P.
  • Se identificaron enlaces específicos de hidrógeno e interacciones electrostáticas que involucran grupos fosfato e hidroxilo.
  • Estas interacciones distinguen con precisión el PI3P de otros fosfoinosítidos, como el PI{4,5) P2.2.

Conclusiones:

  • Las estructuras elucidadas proporcionan una explicación molecular para la especificidad de PI3P.
  • Estos hallazgos ponen de relieve el papel crítico de los dominios de unión a PI3P en la orientación de las proteínas endosomales.
  • El estudio ofrece un marco para comprender la regulación mediada por lípidos de la función endosómica.