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El castigo altruista en los seres humanos.
1University of Zürich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Blümlisalpstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland. efehr@iew.unizh.ch
Nature
|January 24, 2002
Resumen
El castigo altruista, donde los individuos incurren en costos para castigar a los desertores, es clave para la cooperación humana. La cooperación prospera cuando este castigo es posible, pero se derrumba sin él, revelando su significado evolutivo.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
- Psicología social Psicología social.
- La economía del comportamiento es la economía del comportamiento.
Sus antecedentes:
- La cooperación humana con extraños no relacionados desafía las teorías evolutivas como la selección de parentesco y el altruismo recíproco.
- Los modelos existentes no explican la cooperación anónima a gran escala sin beneficios directos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar experimentalmente el papel del castigo altruista en el mantenimiento de la cooperación humana.
- Para identificar los mecanismos cercanos que impulsan el castigo altruista.
Principales métodos:
- Economía experimental: los participantes participan en un juego de bienes públicos.
- Manipulación de la posibilidad de un castigo altruista para los desertores.
- Medición de los niveles de cooperación y comportamientos de castigo.
Principales resultados:
- La cooperación aumentó significativamente cuando el castigo altruista era una opción.
- La cooperación se derrumbó cuando se prohibió el castigo altruista.
- Las emociones negativas hacia los desertores se identificaron como el conductor inmediato del castigo altruista.
Conclusiones:
- El castigo altruista es un factor crucial que explica la evolución de la cooperación humana.
- Las respuestas emocionales negativas a las violaciones de las normas son fundamentales para el castigo altruista.
- Las futuras investigaciones sobre la evolución de la cooperación deben priorizar la comprensión del castigo altruista.
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