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Cáncer de pulmón, mortalidad cardiopulmonar y exposición a largo plazo a la contaminación del aire por partículas
C Arden Pope1, Richard T Burnett, Michael J Thun
1Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, 142 FOB, Provo, UT 84602, USA. cap3@email.byu.edu
JAMA
|March 7, 2002
Resumen
La exposición a largo plazo a la contaminación del aire por partículas finas aumenta significativamente el riesgo de muerte por cáncer de pulmón y enfermedades cardiopulmonares. Este factor de riesgo ambiental pone de relieve los impactos en la salud de la calidad del aire.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Ambiental Salud del medio ambiente.
- Epidemiología La epidemiología.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- La contaminación atmosférica por partículas está relacionada con resultados adversos para la salud, incluida la mortalidad cardiopulmonar.
- Estudios previos sobre los efectos a largo plazo de la contaminación atmosférica por partículas han dado resultados no concluyentes.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la asociación entre la exposición a largo plazo a la contaminación atmosférica por partículas finas y la mortalidad.
- Para evaluar los riesgos de todas las causas, cáncer de pulmón y mortalidad cardiopulmonar.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron datos del estudio prospectivo de mortalidad de Prevención del Cáncer II de la Sociedad Americana del Cáncer (aprox. 1.2 millones de adultos matriculados en 1982).
- Datos vinculados de factores de riesgo individuales (basados en cuestionarios) para ~ 500,000 adultos con datos de contaminación del aire del área metropolitana de los Estados Unidos.
- Datos combinados con información sobre el estado vital y la causa de muerte hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1998.
Principales resultados:
- La contaminación por partículas finas y óxido de azufre se correlacionó con un aumento de la mortalidad por todas las causas, cáncer de pulmón y cardiopulmonar.
- Un aumento de 10 μg/m3 en la contaminación del aire por partículas finas correspondió a un riesgo 4%, 6% y 8% mayor de mortalidad por cualquier causa, cardiopulmonar y cáncer de pulmón, respectivamente.
- Las fracciones de partículas gruesas y las partículas totales en suspensión no mostraron asociaciones consistentes de mortalidad.
Conclusiones:
- La exposición a largo plazo a la contaminación del aire por partículas finas relacionadas con la combustión es un factor de riesgo ambiental significativo.
- Esta exposición está relacionada con un aumento de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiopulmonares y cáncer de pulmón.
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