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¿Es el procesamiento facial específico de la especie durante el primer año de vida?
Olivier Pascalis1, Michelle de Haan, Charles A Nelson
1Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK. o.pascalis@sheffield.ac.uk
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 23, 2002
Resumen
El reconocimiento facial infantil se reduce con la edad, similar a la percepción del sonido del habla. Este "estrechamiento de la percepción" sugiere un cambio cognitivo general en la forma en que los bebés procesan las categorías familiares.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Psicología del desarrollo psicología del desarrollo.
- La neurociencia cognitiva es la neurociencia cognitiva.
- Psicología humana y psicología comparativa.
Sus antecedentes:
- La capacidad de los bebés para distinguir los sonidos del habla nativa mejora entre los 6 y los 10 meses, mientras que la discriminación de sonidos del habla extranjera disminuye.
- Este cambio en el desarrollo se denomina "estrechamiento perceptivo".
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar si el estrechamiento perceptivo, observado en el procesamiento del sonido del habla, también ocurre en el reconocimiento facial.
- Para determinar si este fenómeno es específico del lenguaje o de un proceso cognitivo más general.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó el procedimiento de comparación visual emparejada para probar la discriminación facial.
- Comparó las habilidades de niños de 6 meses, 9 meses y adultos.
- Discriminación probada de caras humanas y de monos.
Principales resultados:
- Los bebés de seis meses demostraron discriminación entre individuos de las especies humana y mono.
- Los niños de nueve meses y los adultos mostraron discriminación solo por las caras humanas, no por las caras de monos.
- Esto indica una disminución en la capacidad de discriminar rostros no nativos con la edad.
Conclusiones:
- El fenómeno del "estrechamiento de la percepción" se extiende más allá del lenguaje al procesamiento facial.
- Los resultados sugieren un cambio general en las redes neuronales que subyacen al desarrollo cognitivo temprano.
- Este cambio en el desarrollo afecta la forma en que los bebés categorizan y reconocen caras de diferentes especies.
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