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La conversión del predominio vagal al simpático con un entrenamiento extenuante en atletas de alto rendimiento de
Ferdinando Iellamo1, Jacopo M Legramante, Fabio Pigozzi
1Dipartimento di Medicina Interna-Centro di Riabilitazione Cardiologica S. Raffaele, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy. iellamo@med.uniroma2.it
Circulation
|June 12, 2002
Resumen
El entrenamiento intensivo de resistencia inicialmente aumenta la actividad parasimpática, pero las cargas muy altas cambian la modulación autónoma hacia el predominio simpático. Esto puede mejorar el rendimiento cardiovascular durante el entrenamiento pico, pero los efectos a largo plazo requieren más estudios.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Fisiología cardiovascular fisiología cardiovascular.
- Regulación del sistema nervioso autónomo.
- Fisiología del ejercicio Fisiología del ejercicio
Sus antecedentes:
- El entrenamiento de resistencia moderado mejora la actividad parasimpática y la sensibilidad al barorreflejo (BRS), disminuyendo el tono simpático.
- El impacto de las cargas de entrenamiento extremadamente intensas en la regulación cardiovascular neural sigue sin estar claro.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar los efectos del entrenamiento de resistencia extenuante en la modulación autónoma cardiovascular en atletas de alto rendimiento.
- Para probar la hipótesis de que el entrenamiento intenso mejora la activación simpática y reduce la inhibición vagal.
Principales métodos:
- Estudió el equipo nacional de remo juvenil italiano (n=7) al 75% y al 100% de las cargas máximas de entrenamiento.
- Se utilizó el análisis espectral de potencia autoregressiva para el intervalo RR y la variabilidad de la presión arterial (BP).
- Evaluación de la sensibilidad al barorreflejo (BRS) utilizando el método de secuencias.
Principales resultados:
- El entrenamiento hasta un 75% de carga aumentó la modulación vagal y BRS, causando bradicardia en reposo.
- A 100% de carga, la frecuencia cardíaca en reposo, la variabilidad de la presión arterial y el intervalo de RR de baja frecuencia aumentaron, mientras que la variabilidad de RR de alta frecuencia y el BRS disminuyeron.
- Estos cambios indican un cambio hacia un predominio simpático en el pico de intensidad de entrenamiento.
Conclusiones:
- El entrenamiento de resistencia muy intenso cambia la modulación autónoma cardiovascular de predominio parasimpático a predominio simpático.
- La activación del sistema nervioso simpático es crucial para el rendimiento cardiovascular en el entrenamiento pico.
- Los riesgos cardiovasculares a largo plazo de la presión arterial alterada y la función autónoma requieren una investigación adicional.
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