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Especiación híbrida en poblaciones experimentales de levaduras
Duncan Greig1, Edward J Louis, Rhona H Borts
1The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Resumen
La especiación híbrida homoploide se produjo fácilmente entre las especies de levadura Saccharomyces. Los híbridos mostraron una alta autofertilidad y un crecimiento vigoroso, a pesar de algunas incompatibilidades genéticas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
- Genética microbiana genética de los microbios.
- Especiación de la levadura.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los modelos tradicionales de especiación enfatizan el cambio gradual y el aislamiento.
- La especiación híbrida homoploide ofrece una vía alternativa para la formación de especies.
- Las especies de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Saccharomyces paradoxus proporcionan un sistema modelo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar la ocurrencia y las características de la especiación híbrida homoploide.
- Para evaluar la fertilidad y el crecimiento de los híbridos de levadura.
- Para explorar las bases genéticas de la fertilidad híbrida.
Principales métodos:
- Hibridación experimental entre Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Saccharomyces paradoxus.
- Evaluación de la autofertilidad y de la fertilidad de los híbridos por cruzamiento inverso.
- Evaluación del crecimiento híbrido en diferentes condiciones térmicas.
- Analizando cambios cariotípicos (tetrasomía) y incompatibilidades genéticas.
Principales resultados:
- La especiación híbrida homoploide se produjo fácilmente entre las dos especies de levadura.
- Los híbridos exhibieron una alta autofertilidad (82%) y una baja fertilidad por cruzamiento inverso (7,5%).
- Los híbridos demostraron un crecimiento vigoroso en entornos térmicos que favorecían a cualquiera de los padres.
- Se observaron cambios cariotípicos extensos (tetrasomía), con incompatibilidades genéticas que explican el 50% de la variación de la fertilidad propia.
Conclusiones:
- La especiación híbrida homoploide es un mecanismo de especiación viable y rápido en las levaduras Saccharomyces.
- El vigor y la adaptabilidad híbridos sugieren posibles ventajas ecológicas.
- Los factores genéticos, incluidos los cambios cariotípicos y las incompatibilidades, influyen significativamente en los resultados de la fertilidad híbrida y la especiación.
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