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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.Synthesis of carbohydratesSugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from one reactant...
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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Oligómeros aromáticos que forman hetero dúplex en una solución acuosa.

Gregory J Gabriel1, Brent L Iverson

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 19, 2002
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores crearon duplexos moleculares estables en el agua utilizando unidades aromáticas complementarias. Este nuevo método de autoensamblaje, impulsado por las interacciones pi-pi entre las unidades de Naftalenetetracarboxilo diimida (Ndi) con deficiencia de electrones y las unidades de Dialcoxinaftaleno (Dan) ricas en electrones, ofrece un enlace programable.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química supramolecular de las moléculas.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química orgánica es la química orgánica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El 1,4,5,8-naftalenetetracarboxílico diimida (Ndi) deficiente en electrones y el 1,5-dialcoxinaftaleno (Dan) rico en electrones exhiben una fuerte complejidad en el agua a través de efectos hidrofóbicos y complementariedad electrostática.
  • Trabajos anteriores han demostrado que los foldameres (aedameres) utilizan el apilamiento aromático intramolecular para la formación de estructuras secundarias en cadenas no naturales.
  • El apilamiento aromático, o las interacciones pi-pi, son clave para el reconocimiento molecular y el autoensamblaje.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Demostrar el autoensamblaje intermolecular de hetero dúplex estables utilizando unidades complementarias de Ndi y Dan en solución acuosa.
  • Para investigar la estequiometría de unión, la termodinámica y la estabilidad de estos dúplex autoensamblados.
  • Establecer un nuevo sistema para el diseño de conjuntos moleculares programables.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de hebras moleculares que incorporan unidades de Ndi (1a-4a) y Dan (1b-4b).
  • Espectroscopia de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y calorimetría de titulación isotérmica (ITC) para determinar la estequiometría de enlace y la termodinámica.
  • Electroforesis con gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) para evaluar la fuerza de interacción y los modos de unión.

Principales resultados:

  • Se formaron con éxito hetero dúplex estables a través de interacciones aromáticas intermoleculares (pi-pi) entre las hebras Ndi y Dan.
  • La RMN e ITC confirmaron una estequiometría de unión 1:1, con la asociación favorecida entálpicamente.
  • Las hebras tetra-Ndi (4a) y tetra-Dan (4b) formaron un hetero dúplex (4a:4b) con una alta constante de estabilidad (350.000 M-1 a 318 K).
  • Los resultados de PAGE apoyaron la interacción fuerte y el modo de unión 1:1.

Conclusiones:

  • Este estudio presenta el primer sistema que utiliza unidades aromáticas complementarias para el autoensamblaje discreto en solución acuosa a través de interacciones pi-pi intermoleculares.
  • El sistema desarrollado demuestra capacidades de enlace altamente programables, allanando el camino para futuros sistemas dúplex.
  • Este enfoque es prometedor para diseñar nuevos ensamblajes moleculares en solución y en superficies.