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Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

Sensory Modalities

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...

Introduction to Sensory Receptors

Introduction to Sensory Receptors

Sensory receptors are vital in our ability to perceive and interpret the world. Sensory receptors are specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system that respond to various stimuli and enable one to experience different sensations. Based on specific criteria, sensory receptors are classified into distinct types.
The first classification criterion is based on cell type, position, and function. Some receptor cells are neurons with free nerve endings, where their dendrites are embedded in the...

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

Introduction to Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

Published on: August 10, 2011

La detección del estiramiento es fundamental.

Neal D Epstein¹, Julien S Davis

¹Molecular Physiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nepstein@helix.nih.gov

|January 30, 2003

Resumen

Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El estiramiento mecánico afecta a las células del corazón, lo que puede causar insuficiencia cardíaca. Una nueva investigación sobre las proteínas del disco Z puede revelar cómo las células del corazón sienten el estiramiento y se adaptan a la enfermedad.

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Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

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Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch

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Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

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Área de la Ciencia:

Biología Cardiovascular Biología Cardiovascular
Mecanobiología Mecanobiología.
Fisiología Cardíaca Fisiología Cardíaca.

Sus antecedentes:

El estiramiento mecánico es un factor conocido que influye en la biología de los cardiomiocitos.
Los cambios inducidos por el estiramiento en las células cardíacas están relacionados con el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardíaca.
Los mecanismos precisos de la detección del estiramiento y la transducción de señales en los cardiomiocitos siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para investigar los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la detección de estiramiento en los cardiomiocitos.
Para explorar el papel de los elementos del disco Z en la mecanotransducción cardíaca.
Para entender cómo la detección de estiramiento se relaciona con la adaptación cardíaca y la progresión de la enfermedad.

Principales métodos:

Análisis de la función e interacciones de las proteínas del disco Z. Análisis de la función e interacciones de las proteínas del disco Z.
Investigando las respuestas celulares al estiramiento mecánico in vitro.
Correlación de las alteraciones del disco Z con afecciones cardíacas.

Principales resultados:

Conocimientos emergentes sobre el papel del disco Z en la detección de fuerzas mecánicas.
Identificación de los elementos clave del disco Z involucrados en la transducción de la señal de estiramiento.
Potenciales vínculos entre la disfunción del disco Z y la remodelación cardíaca patológica.

Conclusiones:

El disco Z es un componente crítico en la maquinaria celular para detectar el estiramiento mecánico.
Comprender la mecanobiología del disco Z ofrece nuevas vías para explorar la patogénesis de la insuficiencia cardíaca.
Investigaciones adicionales sobre los elementos del disco Z podrían revelar objetivos terapéuticos para enfermedades cardíacas.