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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Application of Impermeable Barriers Combined with Candidate Factor Soaked Beads to Study Inductive Signals in the Chick
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Descifrar el patrón esquelético: pistas de la extremidad.

Francesca V Mariani1, Gail R Martin

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Program in Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA.

Nature
|May 16, 2003
PubMed
Resumen

Comprender cómo se forman los patrones esqueléticos es clave para distinguir las especies de dinosaurios. La investigación sobre el desarrollo de las extremidades en embriones de pollo y ratón es crucial para desarrollar modelos de establecimiento de patrones esqueléticos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • Biología esquelética Biología esquelética.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los niños pueden diferenciar esqueletos de dinosaurios basados en patrones.
  • La formación de cartílago y hueso se entiende bien.
  • Los mecanismos de establecimiento del patrón esquelético siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar el establecimiento de patrones esqueléticos.
  • Comprender los procesos de desarrollo subyacentes a la formación del esqueleto.

Principales métodos:

  • Estudios sobre el desarrollo de las extremidades en embriones de pollo.
  • Estudios sobre el desarrollo de las extremidades en embriones de ratón.

Principales resultados:

  • Los datos de modelos aviares y murinos informan el entendimiento actual.
  • Se debaten los modelos propuestos para el establecimiento de patrones esqueléticos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los estudios sobre el desarrollo de las extremidades proporcionan información sobre la formación de patrones esqueléticos.
  • Se necesita más investigación para resolver los debates sobre los mecanismos de patrones esqueléticos.