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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
09:38

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

Published on: May 31, 2014

Biología del esqueleto craneal.

J A Helms1, R A Schneider

  • 1University of California at San Francisco, Room U-453, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143-0514, USA. helms@itsa.ucsf.edu

Nature
|May 16, 2003
PubMed
Resumen

La diversidad del esqueleto facial surge de los mecanismos moleculares que controlan las células de la cresta neural. Estas células son guiadas para formar cartílago y hueso, lo que explica las variaciones observadas en las especies.

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Genética La genética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La cara exhibe una significativa diversidad estructural entre especies, desde perros hasta pinzones.
  • Comprender los orígenes de esta variación esquelética es crucial en biología.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes al desarrollo del esqueleto facial.
  • Para determinar si el desarrollo craneofacial comparte mecanismos con la esqueletogénesis en otras partes del cuerpo.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de la maquinaria molecular involucrada en la generación de células de la cresta neural.
  • Seguimiento de las vías de migración de las células de la cresta neural.
  • Estudiar la diferenciación de las células de la cresta neural en cartílago y hueso.

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Principales resultados:

  • Identificó las principales vías moleculares que rigen la formación de células de la cresta neural.
  • Demostró el papel de la migración celular en el establecimiento de estructuras faciales.
  • Se confirmó la diferenciación de las células de la cresta neural en elementos esqueléticos.

Conclusiones:

  • La diversidad del esqueleto facial está impulsada por el control molecular de las células de la cresta neural.
  • Estas células son fundamentales para el desarrollo craneofacial y el patrón esquelético.