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Leche materna y subsecuente coeficiente de inteligencia en niños nacidos prematuros
Lancet (London, England)
|February 1, 1992
Resumen
La nutrición temprana tiene un impacto en el desarrollo neurológico. El consumo de leche materna en bebés prematuros está relacionado con puntuaciones más altas del coeficiente intelectual (CI) en la infancia, incluso después de tener en cuenta los factores socioeconómicos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencia del neurodesarrollo, ciencia del desarrollo neurológico.
- Nutrición pediátrica para niños.
- Investigación de la leche humana en la investigación de la leche humana.
Sus antecedentes:
- Existe controversia con respecto a los efectos a largo plazo de la nutrición temprana en el neurodesarrollo.
- Investigaciones anteriores indicaron que la leche materna mejoraba las puntuaciones de desarrollo en bebés prematuros a los 18 meses.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la influencia a largo plazo de la nutrición temprana, específicamente el consumo de leche materna, en el desarrollo neurológico de los bebés prematuros.
- Evaluar el impacto de la leche materna en el coeficiente intelectual (CI) en la edad escolar.
Principales métodos:
- El coeficiente intelectual se evaluó en 300 niños prematuros a los 7,5-8 años utilizando la Escala de Inteligencia Weschler para Niños (revisada anglicizada).
- El análisis de los datos incluyó ajustes para la educación materna y la clase social para aislar el efecto de la leche humana.
Principales resultados:
- Los niños que consumieron leche materna en la vida temprana mostraron puntuaciones de CI significativamente más altas a los 7.5-8 años en comparación con aquellos que no lo hicieron.
- Se observó una ventaja promedio de CI de 8,3 puntos (más de la mitad de una desviación estándar), que persiste después de los ajustes estadísticos.
- El beneficio se asoció con el método de entrega de leche (alimentación por sonda) en lugar de la lactancia materna en sí, y se observó una relación dosis-respuesta.
Conclusiones:
- El consumo temprano de leche materna, particularmente a través de la alimentación por sonda, demuestra un efecto beneficioso significativo a largo plazo en el desarrollo neurológico y el coeficiente intelectual en los bebés prematuros.
- Si bien los factores de confusión como la crianza de los hijos o la genética no pueden excluirse por completo, los hallazgos sugieren fuertemente un papel neuroprotector para la leche materna.
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