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Anormalidades corticales en niños y adolescentes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad
Elizabeth R Sowell1, Paul M Thompson, Suzanne E Welcome
1University of California at Los Angeles, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, 710 Westwood Plaza, Room 4-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA. esowell@loni.ucla.edu
Lancet (London, England)
|December 4, 2003
Resumen
El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) está relacionado con distintas anomalías corticales. Este estudio mapeó el tamaño del cerebro y las diferencias de materia gris en toda la superficie, revelando cambios significativos en las regiones frontal, temporal y parietal.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
- Neurociencia del desarrollo neurológico.
- La neuroimagen es una técnica de neuroimagen.
Sus antecedentes:
- Estudios previos muestran una reducción del volumen cerebral en el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), particularmente en el lóbulo frontal derecho y el núcleo caudado.
- Los métodos convencionales no han mapeado completamente el tamaño regional del cerebro y las anomalías de la materia gris en toda la superficie cortical en el TDAH.
- Este estudio aborda esta brecha al proporcionar un análisis exhaustivo basado en la superficie.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Mapear el tamaño regional del cerebro y las anomalías de materia gris en la superficie cortical en niños y adolescentes con TDAH.
- Para identificar alteraciones anatómicas específicas dentro de los cerebros de las personas con TDAH.
- Para correlacionar estos hallazgos con los sistemas neuronales conocidos involucrados en la atención y el comportamiento.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM) de alta resolución.
- Empleó técnicas de análisis de imágenes computacionales basadas en superficies.
- Analizó una cohorte de 27 niños y adolescentes con TDAH y 46 controles de edad y sexo coincidentes.
Principales resultados:
- Se observó una reducción del tamaño regional del cerebro en las córtices frontales, específicamente en la corteza prefrontal dorsal inferior bilateralmente.
- La corteza temporal anterior bilateral también mostró una disminución en el tamaño del cerebro.
- Se encontraron aumentos significativos en la materia gris en la corteza temporal posterior e inferior parietal bilateralmente.
Conclusiones:
- Identificó anormalidades anatómicas específicas de la región en áreas corticales cruciales para la atención y el control del comportamiento.
- Estos hallazgos en las cortizas de asociación heteromodal frontal, temporal y parietal pueden dilucidar los fundamentos neuronales de los síntomas del TDAH.
- El estudio destaca el papel de los sistemas neuronales distribuidos en la atención y la inhibición, con alteraciones corticales específicas en el TDAH.
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