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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...

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Polímeros conjugados que presentan enlaces múltiples de elementos del grupo principal más pesados: un difosfeno-PPV.

Rhett C Smith1, John D Protasiewicz

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-7078, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 26, 2004
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo ligando para estabilizar el fósforo de baja coordinación, lo que permite la creación de polímeros conjugados inorgánicos-orgánicos únicos. Estos nuevos polímeros de fosfaalqueno y difosfeno exhiben una configuración E y se caracterizaron utilizando espectroscopia y RMN.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química Inorgánica La Química Inorgánica es la química inorgánica.
  • Química de Polímeros La Química de Polímeros es la química de los polímeros.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los compuestos de fósforo de baja coordinación son difíciles de sintetizar y estabilizar debido a su alta reactividad.
  • Los materiales conjugados ofrecen propiedades electrónicas y ópticas únicas, pero la incorporación de fósforo en las columnas vertebrales del polímero presenta obstáculos sintéticos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un nuevo ligando bifuncional estérico para estabilizar los centros de fósforo de baja coordinación.
  • Para sintetizar nuevos materiales híbridos conjugados inorgánico-orgánico, específicamente los polímeros fosfaliceno y difosfeno.
  • Caracterizar las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas de los polímeros recién sintetizados.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de un nuevo ligando bifuncional estérico.
  • Preparación de polímeros de fosfaalqueno utilizando un reactivo difosfa-Wittig.
  • Síntesis de un polímero sin precedentes que contiene unidades de difosfeno en la cadena principal.
  • Caracterización mediante espectroscopia UV visible, espectroscopia de fluorescencia, RMN de 1H y espectroscopia de RMN de 31P.

Principales resultados:

  • Desarrollo exitoso de un ligando que permite la estabilización simultánea de dos centros de fósforo de baja coordinación.
  • Síntesis de polímeros de fosfalqueno con configuración exclusivamente E.
  • Informe de un nuevo polímero con unidades de difosfeno dentro de la columna vertebral del polímero.
  • La caracterización confirmó la estructura y propiedades de los polímeros solubles.

Conclusiones:

  • El ligando desarrollado es eficaz en la creación de nuevos materiales híbridos conjugados inorgánico-orgánico.
  • Las estrategias sintéticas permiten la incorporación controlada de fósforo, incluidas las unidades de difosfeno, en las cadenas principales de polímeros.
  • Estos nuevos polímeros que contienen fósforo representan una nueva clase de materiales con aplicaciones potenciales en optoelectrónica.