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La restricción calórica y la incidencia del cáncer de mama
Karin B Michels1, Anders Ekbom
1Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. kmichels@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
JAMA
|March 11, 2004
Resumen
La restricción calórica severa en los seres humanos, como la anorexia nerviosa, puede reducir significativamente el riesgo de cáncer de mama invasivo. Este efecto protector parece ser más fuerte con la restricción temprana de la vida antes del parto.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Oncología Oncología.
- Endocrinología Endocrinología.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- La restricción calórica (RC) extiende la esperanza de vida y reduce la incidencia de tumores en modelos animales.
- Los estudios en humanos sobre el impacto de la CR en el riesgo de cáncer, particularmente cáncer de mama, son limitados.
- La anorexia nerviosa (AN) implica una severa restricción calórica en los primeros años de vida.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la asociación entre la restricción calórica temprana en la vida debido a la anorexia nerviosa y el riesgo subsiguiente de cáncer de mama invasivo.
- Para determinar si el momento de la restricción calórica en relación con el parto influye en el riesgo de cáncer de mama.
Principales métodos:
- Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo utilizando registros nacionales suecos (pacientes hospitalizados, cáncer, muerte, fertilidad).
- Inclusión de 7303 mujeres hospitalizadas por anorexia nerviosa antes de los 40 años (1965-1998).
- Exclusión de mujeres con diagnósticos de cáncer preexistentes.
Principales resultados:
- Las mujeres hospitalizadas por AN mostraron una incidencia 53% menor de cáncer de mama invasivo en comparación con la población general.
- Las mujeres nulíparas con AN tuvieron una incidencia 23% menor.
- Las mujeres parosas con AN exhibieron una reducción más sustancial del 76% en la incidencia de cáncer de mama.
Conclusiones:
- La severa restricción calórica en humanos, ejemplificada por la AN, puede ofrecer protección contra el cáncer de mama invasivo.
- La restricción calórica temprana en la vida que precede al primer nacimiento, seguido por el embarazo, se asocia con una reducción significativamente mayor en el riesgo de cáncer de mama.
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