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Múltiples pruebas serológicas falsamente positivas para el VIH, el HTLV-1 y la hepatitis C después de la vacunación

W R Mac Kenzie¹, J P Davis, D E Peterson

¹Bureau of Public Health, Wisconsin Division of Health, Madison 53703.

|August 26, 1992

Resumen

La vacunación contra la gripe está relacionada con múltiples pruebas de detección viral falsamente positivas en los donantes de sangre. Este problema temporal, principalmente para el VIH y el HTLV-1, es poco frecuente y se resuelve, lo que sugiere que las personas vacunadas no necesitan ser diferidas.

Área de la Ciencia:

Virología Virología.
Inmunología Inmunología.
Salud Pública La salud pública.

Sus antecedentes:

El cribado de donación de sangre se basa en ensayos inmunosorbentes vinculados a enzimas virales sensibles (ELISA) para detectar infecciones como el VIH, el HTLV-1 y el VHC.
Los resultados falsos positivos pueden llevar al aplazamiento del donante e impactar en el suministro de sangre.
Comprender los factores que causan falsos positivos es crucial para la seguridad de la sangre y la gestión de los donantes.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para identificar los factores asociados con múltiples ELISA virales falsos positivos en los donantes de sangre.
Para determinar la frecuencia y las características temporales de este fenómeno.

Principales métodos:

Se realizó un estudio de caso-control en un centro regional de sangre.
Los donantes de casos tenían múltiples ELISA virales falsos positivos; los donantes de control eran seronegativos.
Se revisaron los registros de donación para determinar el estado y el momento de la vacunación contra la influenza.

Principales resultados:

Se identificaron diez casos de donantes entre 17.941 donantes.
Nueve de los 10 donantes del caso recibieron vacuna contra la influenza, frente a 3 de los 30 controles (OR=81, P<.001).
Los falsos positivos se resolvieron para el VIH / HTLV-1 dentro de los 52-130 días posteriores a la vacunación; Los HCV ELISA persistieron en 4/7 casos.

Conclusiones:

Múltiples ELISA virales falsos positivos en donantes de sangre están asociados con la vacunación contra la influenza.
El fenómeno es poco frecuente, de corta duración para el VIH / HTLV-1, y puede persistir más tiempo para el VHC.
Las vacunas contra la gripe no deben aplazarse; los donantes con falsos positivos pueden ser reconsiderados para futuras donaciones.

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