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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

El hipotiroidismo es el hipotiroidismo.

Caroline G P Roberts¹, Paul W Ladenson

¹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Lancet (London, England)

|March 16, 2004

Resumen

Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El hipotiroidismo, un trastorno común de la tiroides, a menudo se pasa por alto, pero se diagnostica y trata fácilmente. La detección temprana y la terapia de reemplazo de tiroxina adecuada son cruciales para el manejo de esta condición prevalente, especialmente en mujeres mayores.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Endocrinología Endocrinología.
Medicina interna es la medicina interna de las enfermedades.

Sus antecedentes:

El hipotiroidismo es un trastorno endocrino prevalente, frecuentemente pasado por alto clínicamente.
La tiroiditis autoinmune es una causa común, especialmente en mujeres mayores.
Otras causas incluyen problemas congénitos, cirugía, radiación, medicamentos y deficiencia de yodo.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para resumir la comprensión actual del hipotiroidismo.
Para cubrir su historia, epidemiología, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y manejo.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura existente sobre el hipotiroidismo.
Análisis de los criterios de diagnóstico y la eficacia del tratamiento.

Principales resultados:

El diagnóstico se confirma mediante la medición de la tirotropina sérica y la tiroxina libre.
El reemplazo de tiroxina es efectivo, pero la dosificación subóptima es común.
El tratamiento inadecuado puede ser el resultado de incumplimiento, interacciones farmacológicas o embarazo.

Conclusiones:

El hipotiroidismo es fácilmente diagnosticable y tratable.
El manejo eficaz requiere una dosificación cuidadosa y la adherencia del paciente.
El hipotiroidismo no tratado o insuficientemente tratado puede conducir a complicaciones graves.