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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
09:40

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 23, 2011

Hacer autostop sin integración covalente.

Michael Botchan1

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Cell
|April 28, 2004
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los virus latentes como el virus del papiloma se unen a los cromosomas del huésped para la división celular. Este estudio revela las proteínas celulares involucradas en la retención del virus del papiloma animal en los cromosomas, ofreciendo nuevos conocimientos sobre la persistencia viral.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Virología Virología.
  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Biología celular Biología celular.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Muchos virus latentes se unen no covalentemente a los cromosomas mitóticos eucariotas.
  • Esta unión asegura la partición del genoma viral durante la división celular.
  • Si bien se conocen los elementos virales, los factores celulares que median este enlace cromosómico siguen siendo en gran medida indefinidos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para identificar la maquinaria de proteínas celulares responsable de la retención del virus del papiloma animal en los cromosomas mitóticos.
  • Proporcionar la primera visión de los factores del huésped involucrados en la partición del episodio viral.

Principales métodos:

  • El estudio probablemente empleó enfoques proteómicos para identificar a los socios que interactúan.
  • Técnicas como la inmunoprecipitación y la microscopía probablemente se utilizaron para validar las interacciones y la localización.
  • Es probable que se hayan realizado ensayos funcionales para evaluar el papel de las proteínas identificadas en la retención viral.

Principales resultados:

  • La investigación identificó proteínas celulares específicas que interactúan con los episodios de virus del papiloma animal.
  • Estas proteínas son cruciales para atar el ADN viral a los cromosomas mitóticos.
  • Los hallazgos aclaran un mecanismo clave para la estabilidad y propagación del genoma viral.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio descubre los factores esenciales de las células huésped involucrados en el tethering cromosómico del virus del papiloma animal.
  • Esto proporciona una comprensión fundamental de los mecanismos de persistencia viral.
  • Estos hallazgos abren caminos para estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas a la retención viral.