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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

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El refinamiento postnatal de las proyecciones olfativas periféricas.

Dong-Jing Zou1, Paul Feinstein, Aimée L Rivers

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. dz98@columbia.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 5, 2004
PubMed
Resumen

La maduración glomerular en el bulbo olfativo depende de la entrada sensorial durante períodos específicos de desarrollo. Los glomérulos heterogéneos en etapa temprana, normalmente transitorios, persisten cuando se bloquea la entrada sensorial, lo que sugiere una supervivencia neuronal prolongada.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
  • Desarrollo del sistema olfativo de desarrollo de sistemas.
  • El procesamiento sensorial es el procesamiento sensorial.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las proyecciones axonales desde el epitelio olfativo hasta el bulbo olfativo forman estructuras llamadas glomérulos.
  • La organización glomerular se basa en el receptor de olor específico expresado por las neuronas sensoriales olfativas.
  • El proceso de maduración de estos glomérulos es complejo y no se comprende completamente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la dinámica temporal de la maduración glomerular para diferentes receptores olfativos.
  • Para determinar el papel de la entrada sensorial y los períodos sensibles en el desarrollo glomerular.
  • Examinar la persistencia de estructuras glomerulares heterogéneas bajo condiciones de privación sensorial.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó ratones genéticamente dirigidos para estudiar el desarrollo del sistema olfativo.
  • Manipulación de la entrada sensorial mediante el cierre unilateral del naris para inducir la privación sensorial.
  • Se analizó la organización glomerular y la supervivencia neuronal en diferentes etapas del desarrollo y en condiciones experimentales.

Principales resultados:

  • La maduración glomerular exhibe cursos de tiempo distintos para receptores olfativos diferentes, pero similares.
  • La entrada sensorial es crucial durante períodos sensibles específicos para la maduración glomerular adecuada.
  • Los glomérulos heterogéneos, donde los axones de las neuronas que expresan diferentes receptores convergen, normalmente desaparecen con la edad.
  • El cierre unilateral del naris conduce a la persistencia de estos glomérulos heterogéneos en ratones adultos.
  • La supervivencia prolongada de las neuronas sensoriales olfativas puede contribuir a la persistencia de glomérulos heterogéneos.

Conclusiones:

  • El desarrollo glomerular olfativo es un proceso dinámico influenciado por el momento de la entrada sensorial.
  • Existen períodos sensibles específicos durante el desarrollo para la correcta organización de los circuitos del bulbo olfativo.
  • La experiencia sensorial juega un papel crítico en la eliminación de conexiones axonales aberrantes y el refinamiento de la estructura glomerular.
  • La persistencia de glomérulos heterogéneos bajo privación sensorial pone de relieve la dependencia del refinamiento del circuito normal en la experiencia sensorial y sugiere un papel para los mecanismos de supervivencia neuronal.