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Gene Conversion02:08

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Quantifying the Activity of cis-Regulatory Elements in the Mouse Retina by Explant Electroporation
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Cambios evolutivos en la regulación de los genes cis y trans.

Patricia J Wittkopp1, Belinda K Haerum, Andrew G Clark

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. pw72@cornell.edu

Nature
|July 2, 2004
PubMed
Resumen

Las diferencias en la expresión génica impulsan la evolución. Este estudio revela que la mayoría de los cambios en la expresión génica evolutiva provienen de numerosas alteraciones cis-regulatorias, no de efectos trans-regulatorios generalizados, entre las especies de Drosophila.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Genética La genética.
  • Biología molecular La biología molecular.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las diferencias en la expresión génica son fundamentales para los procesos evolutivos.
  • Tanto los cambios cis-reguladores como los trans-reguladores contribuyen a la divergencia en la expresión génica.
  • No se comprenden bien las contribuciones relativas de los cambios cis y transregulatorios a la divergencia de expresión.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la distribución de los cambios cis- y trans-reguladores que subyacen a las diferencias de expresión génica entre Drosophila melanogaster y Drosophila simulans.
  • Cuantificar el impacto de los cambios cis- y trans-regulatorios en la divergencia de la expresión génica específica de la especie.

Principales métodos:

  • Comparar la abundancia relativa de transcripciones específicas de la especie en híbridos F1 para identificar diferencias funcionales cis-reguladoras.
  • Inferir la actividad transreguladora mediante la comparación de las relaciones de expresión alélica en híbridos con las relaciones de expresión génica interespecífica.

Principales resultados:

  • De 29 genes con diferencias de expresión interespecíficas, 28 mostraron cambios cis-reguladores.
  • Los cambios cis-reguladores por sí solos explican la divergencia de expresión para aproximadamente la mitad de los genes estudiados.
  • Las diferencias transregulatorias se observaron en el 55% de los genes y siempre coincidieron con cambios cisregulatorios.

Conclusiones:

  • Las diferencias de expresión génica interespecíficas están impulsadas principalmente por numerosos cambios regulatorios de acción cis en todo el genoma.
  • Los cambios transregulatorios generalizados con amplios efectos no son la causa principal de la divergencia de expresión entre estas especies de Drosophila.