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Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of β1 Blockers

β1-receptors are primarily located in the heart and kidneys. In cardiac myocytes, these receptors interact with neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system during heightened activity or danger. As a result, β1-receptors get activated, initiating a series of biochemical processes. Excessive activation of beta receptors due to chronic stress can abnormally increase heart rate and contractility, resulting in high blood pressure or hypertension. To counteract this, β1-blockers...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Types of β-Blockers01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Types of β-Blockers

β receptors are classified into three subclasses: β1, β2, and β3. β1 receptors are primarily located in the heart and kidneys. When they get activated, they increase heart rate, contractility, and renin release. This process enhances blood pressure and aids in stress management. In contrast, β2 receptors are situated mainly in the lungs, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles. Upon activation, they trigger smooth muscle relaxation, causing bronchodilation and vasodilation. This widens airways and...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.
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Symmetric Member in Bending

In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials01:11

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

In analyzing a structural member composed of two different materials with identical cross-sectional areas, it is crucial to understand how their distinct elastic properties affect the member's response under load. The analysis involves assessing stress and strain distributions using the transformed section concept, which accounts for variations in material properties.
Hooke's Law determines stress in each material, stating that stress is proportional to strain but varies due to each material's...

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Los efectos elásticos detrás de la vinculación cooperativa en las hojas beta.

Jan Rossmeisl1, Jens K Nørskov, Karsten W Jacobsen

  • 1Contribution from the Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 8, 2004
PubMed
Resumen

La fuerza de unión de la hoja beta aumenta cooperativamente con más hebras. Esta interacción, vinculada a las propiedades elásticas, hace que el paso de la hoja beta se contraiga a medida que crece el número de hebras.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La biofísica es la biofísica.
  • Química computacional es la química computacional.
  • Biología Estructural Biología estructural.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las hojas beta son estructuras secundarias de proteínas fundamentales.
  • Comprender las interacciones entre hebras es crucial para el plegamiento y la función de las proteínas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los efectos cooperativos en el enlace beta-sheet utilizando métodos computacionales.
  • Para dilucidar la relación entre la unión entre las hebras y las propiedades elásticas de las intrastras.
  • Para validar los hallazgos computacionales con datos experimentales.

Principales métodos:

  • Cálculos de la teoría funcional de densidad extensa (DFT).
  • Análisis de los datos estructurales del Banco de Datos de Proteínas (PDB).

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó un efecto cooperativo significativo, que se fortalece con el aumento del número de cadenas.
  • Se reveló un acoplamiento entre las propiedades elásticas de la unión entre hebras y las propiedades elásticas de las intrastras.
  • Se encontró que el paso de la hoja beta se contrae con el aumento del número de hebras, consistente con las observaciones experimentales.

Conclusiones:

  • Los efectos cooperativos juegan un papel vital en la estabilización de las estructuras de las hojas beta.
  • La interacción entre la unión y la elasticidad gobierna la geometría de la hoja beta.
  • Las predicciones computacionales están respaldadas por datos estructurales empíricos.